End of Phase one

Days and weeks have led me to this 8th day of November 2008 when I posted my last paper in this phase" A Community Planning Manual"
This paper fits very well in my research project for my MSc Degree as it is the same community the manual is written. This means that I will be able to improve it and submit it to the respective community for use in the near future.
I hope everyone will share this happiness with me.
Cheerio for now.

The Social Construction of Gender

Acronyms

1. CEDAW- Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of Discrimination Against

Women.

2. 2.ILO- International Labour Organisation
3. TGNP – Tanzania Gender Network Programme.
4. SAP- Structural Adjustment Programme.
5. PRSP- Poverty Reduction Strategy
6. MDG’s – Millennium Development Goals
7. MKUKUTA – Mkakati wa Kukuza Uchumi na Kupunguza Umaskini
8. TGNP – Tanzania Gender Networking Programme
9. FemAct- Feminist Positive Action
10. SOSPA- Sexual Offences and Special Provision Act
11. GBI – Gender Budgeting Initiative
12. IMF- International Monetary Fund
13. WB- World Bank
14. HIV-Human Immuno Deficiency Syndrome AIDS- Acquired Immunodeficiency Virus
15. GEWEF- gender and Women Empowerment Framework.
16. PLHA’s – People living with HIV and AIDS.
17. OVC’s Orphans and vulnerable children

1.0 Introduction and Conceptual Framework

This paper is an assessment of the social construction of gender as one of the variables of poverty. The social construction of gender as an historical outcome of cultural processes lying in the different social units like the community, the workplace, and the religious organizations is discussed. This is followed by a theoretical gender analysis using some Analytical Frameworks, also what has transpired in the history of gender and development. Then there are some examples, studies and policies that affect gender inequalities. The paper ends with my own perspective on the implication of the social construction of gender on community economic development.

Gender is a social attribute recognizing norms, practices, relationships in a society which are liable to change over time in a society. Gender Analysis is the examination of causes for socio and economic inequality for women .Gender Equity is the end result of treating men and women fairly. Gender Empowerment is a process through which men, women. boys and girls acquire knowledge, skills and willingness to critically analyze their situation and take appropriate action to change their status. Gender gap arises when there is gender disparity in development opportunities, rights and roles. Gender stereotyping is the assigning of roles, tasks and responsibilities to particular gender on the basis of preconceived prejudices. Gender Mainstreaming, is addressing gender issues in all development policies and projected programmes irrespective of sector. Gender transformative policy, targets women, men, or both and recognizes the existence of gender specific needs per group, but also seeks to transform the existing gender relations in a more equitable direction. Gender resources and HIV/AIDS, there is a relationship between poverty, lack of resources and the burden of AIDS care work for women.

( Concepts adapted from the TGNP Gender Awareness Training Manual )

Social Construction of Gender has been defined by TGNP as referring to gender roles, attributes and activities which are deliberately and systematically cultivated in females and males over time through cultural processes embedded in the social units around which society is organized. These include the family, the school the community, religion, media and workplace. Porvadarson (2007) shares that social constructivism is a branch of epistemology defining a weak social construction as a social theory of knowledge which implies certain behaviour being taken for granted leading to emergence of arbitrary language and social constructivism.

2.0 A Theoretical Literature Analysis:

2.1 Historical perspective: The Global instruments for facilitating gender equality and women empowerment started in 1948 with the Universal Declaration of Human Rights followed by the Women Global meetings in Mexico, Beijing and Nairobi. Tanzania has ratified and domesticated CEDAW and ranked first out of 115 countries in terms of women’s economic participation. and has formulated ”The National Strategy for Gender Development specifying how mainstreaming is to be implemented. However, there is neither political will nor gender conscientisation to policy makers for increased access and resources for implementation of the policies to inform economic development.

2.2 Social Construction of gender as manifested in the community as a social unit: Gender construction has its roots in the home. A girl child is socialized that she is inferior to her brother in privileges and status. There are different birth rituals, initiation, life cycles for boys and girls and confirming male also differential access to education and marriage. According to TGNP (2007) community values are perceived through the common history, traditions, economic systems and political order. Also the patriarchal system which gives males precedence and ownership of power over women. The matriarch system exists in parts of south Tanzania. Disparity in social relations is also manifested in labour patterns, management of community functions, decision making, owning means of production and visibility of males’ roles over those of women. Men tend to do technical jobs at a pay and women are never paid for domestic chores, traditional birth deliveries, AIDS patients care, taking children to hospital etc. PMTCT implies mothers transmitting HIV to babies and not both parents and men do not attend MCH clinics to facilitate discussion on sexuality. Other unhealthy practices in the community include Female Genital Mutilation, Bride Price and early Marriages. Both Life cycle and Social relations frameworks can analyse the community inequalities.

2.3 Gender Analytical Frameworks as they apply to development: There are several frameworks that have been develop Like the Gender Role Framework, gender Planning and Gender Development Framework by Moser, The Life Cycle Approach, Gender Equality and Women Empowerment Framework (GEWEF) and the Social Relations Framework. What matters for all the frameworks is that women’s triple roles have to be analysed , recognized and quantified , gender needs assessment for male and female and the other marginalia groups have to be sorted out in terms of practical and strategic needs to allow a transformation in policies which oppress women and the girl child. Also the issue of resources allocation and decision making processes have to be addressed to allow more control by women.

3.0 Analysis of Social Gender Construction:

3.1 Community/Situation Analysis 1: Professor Ruth Meena (1996) of the University of Dare s salaam made a Situation Analysis of Education of Girls/Women globally and in Tanzania. In 1990, 130 million children had no access to primary school and of these 81million were girls. Also she found out that the majority of children in Tanzania in rural areas do not go to a pre school. .

3.2 Community/Situation Analysis 2 (Masuki etal) indicate that in Tanzania women who make up 52% of the population produce 60-70% all food consumed and account for 70% of the agricultural labour force.This shows relationships and visibility of women’s’ work.

3.3 Community/Gender based study – Porvadarson, conducted a study whose aim was to evaluate the gender policy of the male sexual and reproductive programs. The conclusion was that for sustainable behaviour change for sexual and reproductive health it is not good to focus on single sex exclusion since it empowers one side only but good to include all community members. This is men’s involvement in reproductive health.

3.4. Community/A study on gender division of labour was conducted in Zanzibar by Eliufoo H.K (2007) entitled “Gendered division of labour in construction sites in Zanzibar”, whereby the purpose was how gendered division of labour influences earnings, resource ownership and wellbeing of female and male construction workers. It was found that through gender division, women are subordinated and do not access construction skills.

3.5 Community/A study on community beliefs and norms. Masuki etal conducted a study on gender dynamics in the Adoption of Interventions for Increasing Agricultural Water Productivity in Makanya Catchments, Same. The study assessed gender participation in issues related to water resource management . It was found out that the sources were owned by men and culturally it was a taboo for women to visit water sources believing that the water would dry.

3.6 Gender and the Workplaces: Workplaces also reinforce the structural construction of gender caused by the socialization in the community and patriarchal system whereby power through distribution of gender roles stereotyping of social and occupational responsibilities giving and decision making to men and women get subordinate roles. We seldom see women managers, engineers, architect, doctors or bosses. We see women secretaries, cleaners, nurses, teachers, housekeepers and the like. In schools, teachers are the main agents of constructing gender thus programming girls for failure. School drop out is higher for girls mainly due to pregnancy and nothing is done to boys. A combination of GEWEF and Social relations frameworks can analyse these imbalances.

3.7 Workplace/Facilities for people with challenged abilities: The ILO Reported on assisting such people to access the ILO office in Lima by putting facilities suitable for their use. This is also seen at KCMC hospital, The NBC, branch and the YWCA premises all in Moshi. This relates to inclusion of the marginalized in planning.

Vatican feels very challenged by this , Paul clarified this in (1Cor. 14:33 and 1 Tim. 2:11)

3.8 Gender Imbalance at the University of Dar- es- Salaam. Possi (1999) reports gender imbalances and discrimination at the university which have existed since its inception. In 1997/98 out of 4,101 students only 763 (17.9%) were women, in the Faculty of Arts and Social Science. Gender discrimination led to the suicide of Levina Mukasa. This is both differential access to education and oppression.

3.9 Gender and religious organizations: The quran shows a great respect for a gender balance in writing but the women’s role is only dealing with social welfare activities in the mosque. The bible stipulates the inferior role of women due to Eve’s deeds so even the women who appear to have assumed leadership in the bible are not visible. Although Catholic women do not become ministers Catholicism greatly honors the Blessed Virgin Mary as the mother of God. In Muslim Women’s League (1999 – 2007) reference is made of “I shall not lose sight of the labour of any of you who labours in my way, be it man or woman, each of you is equal to the other ( 3;195) Also Al- Adl (2006) insists that while men and women have some physical differences, spiritually they enjoy absolute equality before God. Conversely, the bible expects women to be submissive, Rutazaa (2005) Peter 1:1a. However, Adam B (2007) writes on the veil or Hijab as the status of women in Islam (33:59) and he compares with the bible ( Cor. 11:4-10).

3.10 Gender and Customary Law: Rutazaa shares that among the Chagga if an unmarried daughter dies at home she is buried at the border to indicate non belongingness of “clans land”.

3.11 Community/Social Exclusion: Tibaijuka and Kaijage(1990s) writing on poverty and social exclusion in Tanzania observed the relationship between women’s marital status and their economic welfare whereby this was tied to the institution of marriage or to the presence of a male partner in a household, widowed mothers, divorced or never married. This was consistent to the “feminization of poverty” for female headed households in rural areas. Married mothers were constrained with the allocation of resources to healthcare for themselves and their children. This is gender as related to poverty.

4.0 Social Construction of Gender and Policies:

(i) The National Employment Policy,1997, includes a specific statement advocating equal rights for women in the workplace. Section10 (6). Employment promotion. However the policy has been criticized for excluding those activities that are carried out at the house hold level which do not generate income directly but necessary for sustaining and production of human resources. (ii) The National population Policy (2006) has an objective” To promote the generation of gender disaggregated data”, although few publications display this currently. (iii)The National land Policy, (1995) has a section on women’s access, ownership and use of land”……women will be entitled to acquire land in their own right…” This culminated in the Land Act, 1999 and the Village Land Act , 1999. However the fruit are yet to be reaped due to persistent bureaucracy and patriarchy.

(iv) The National Gender Policy (2000) is waiting approval and no resources are allocated for implementation to replace the Women in Development Policy 1992, directs government institutions at all levels to forms Gender Focal Points, and each institution to develop an institutional framework for gender mainstreaming. (v) The National AIDS Policy (2001) claims that PLHA’s and OVC’s will have holistic health care and adds that children heading homesteads will get social support. The question is where are the resources allocated for this? Who participated in deciding on behalf of these groups, and how many of them have accessed the policy document? TGNP insists that AIDS cannot be separated from the extreme poverty, lack of resources and the burden of work for women. (vi) Sokoine University of Agriculture established a Gender Policy within the Strategic Plan of Action but there is no literature on its implementation. (vi) TGNP and its FemAct partners have been pioneering a Gender Budget Initiative (GBI) since mid 1997 responding to the cost sharing and retrenchment policies as part of the 1980s SAP, which cut social services in health and education and privatization caused massive layoffs of government workers, and also civil social was excluded in policy and budgetary processes, since objectives of GBI - to examine policy decision making processes and resource allocate with a gender perspective to facilitate gender mainstreaming of budget policies and budgets. However, after Beijing and the pressure of the Civil society especially FemAct there have been some developments reflected in the SOSPA whereby women’s sexuality rights are protected, although gender based violence remain rampant, MKUKUTA reflecting enhancement of women’s’ economic participation, although access to credit is still a blocked by men, and abiding by the SADCC women’s’ political participation through a declaration on Gender and Development by Southern African Development Community (1997). As a result, Tanzania currently has 30.3% women in political decision making. However, TGNP regrets that despite gender equity policies, women in Tanzania continue to access fewer rights and privileges than men in terms of position of power, education and training and right to property resources allocation for women based welfare

5.0 Own perspective: The implication of Social Construction of Gender on Community Economic Development, requires us to be development activists. Gender inequality and disparities were born in a family grew up in community, religion, workplaces and probably will die in the policies. Policies decide how resources will be generated and distributed in the community. Policies, budget and institutional gaps ultimately interplay with patriarchal structures and impact the household, which is the centre of the community. Look at women’s equity issues from a human rights perspective since the outcome of social construction of gender is inequality. Empower primary school teachers to facilitate early knowledge on gender issues in the community. Synergies have to be built in the communities. For example, the hand hoe has to be replaced by an oxen plough in the community to support the overburdened women. For community economic development depends on peoples’ empowerment, participation and resource utilization to lead their own development ventures for their own economic wellbeing.

Bibliography:

1. TGNP.Gender Awareness Training Manual and GBI.
2. Eliufoo H.K (2007) Gender Division of Labour in construction sites in Zanzibar. Journal: Women in Management Review ISSN:0964 – 9425 Vol. 2 :112-121. Emerald group Publishing.
3. Meena R.( 1996) Situational Analysis of Education of Girls/Women in Tanzania. UTFITI ( New Series) Vol.3 No. 2, 1996: 39- 90.
4. DCOMM ( 2003) Around the Continents. ILO Communication and Public Information Unit.
5. Masuki, KFG etal ( ) Gender Dynamics in the Adoption of intervention for Increasing Agricultural Water Productivity: A case of Water System Innovations in Makanya Catchment, Tanzania.
6. Possi, MK (1999) Experiences from the NUFU – Project 06/96( Part II)
7. Gender Policy Implementation Committee. Global and National Gender Perspective.
8. Kaijjage F and Tibaijuka A (1990s) Poverty and Social exclusion in Tanzania. UNDP.
9. National Policies www.tzonline.org/policies.hotmail

ALTERNATIVE MODELS TO GLOBALIZATION

List of Acronyms

FEMNET- African Women’s Development and Communications Network.

IMF- International monetary Fund

WB- World Bank

GDP- Gross domestic Product

TGNP- Tanzania Gender Networking Programme

PLHA/PLHIV- People Living with HIV and AIDS or with HIV

OPEC- Organisation of the Petrolleum Exporting Countries

PCD- People Centred Development

CED – Community economic development

NAFTA- North American Free Trade Agreement

PRSP – Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper

NSGPR- National Strategy for Growth and Poverty Reduction

SAP- Structural Adjustment Programme

OVC – Orphans and Vulnerable Children

FemAct- Feminist Activism

NGO – Non Governmental Organisation

HIV/AIDS- Human Immunodeficiency Virus/ Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome

WTO- World Trade Organisation

UN- United Nations

CSO- Civil Society Organisation

ECD- Early Childhood Development

WAMATA- Walio Katika Mapambano Tanzania

KIWAKKUKI- Kikundi cha Wanawake Kilimanjaro Kupambana na UKIMWI

TASAF- Tanzania Social Action Fund

LGA- Local Government Authority

GoT- government of Tanzania

PF- Policy Forum

Topic Page

1.0 Introduction and Conceptualization 4

1.1 Conceptualization 4

1.2 The Impact of Globalization 5

1.3 Attempts by Tanzania for gender mainstreaming

and reducing gender inequalities 7

2.0 The Theoretical Framework on Alternative Globalization Models:

2.1 The Care Economy and Quantifying Unpaid Labour 9

2.2 Models of Resisting Globalization. 11

2.3 Stimulate demand needs in the rural economy 12

2.4 Citizens to participate in resources allocation plans and

decisions in poor countries 13

2.5 Institute Ideologies that Enhance Women’ Empowerment 14

2.6 . People-Centered Development : Produce more things that people need. 14

2.7 Place commodities, technologies and natural resources on same footing 15

3.0 Empirical Cases of Alternative Globalization Models 16

3.1 Engage in Fair trade. An alternative economic model. 16

3.2 Resist Economic Violence of Neo liberal trade agreements 17

3.3 Make communities enjoy the right to water as a basic need and not a luxury

3.4 Make Globalization More Inclusive and Equitable: 19

A Fair Globalization: Creating Opportunities for All.

3.5 Make the World Safer for the African Girls child. 19

4.0 Policies and Alternative Globalization

4.1 Mainstreaming Gender in National Macro Frameworks and Making it 20

Central in all Policies.

4.2 End policy Blindness Tanzania Globalization Alternative: “There are too 20

many empty promises.

5.0 Conclusion 22

Bibliography 25

1.0 Introduction and Conceptualization

This paper will discuss the impact of Globalization as related to gender and the way some alternative approaches could be sought to facilitate gender equality and equity and improve the situation of the marginalized groups in the communities and the way the government of Tanzania has been responding towards gender equality and equity. It will

also search into possible ways of making life a bit easier for the majority of people who have fallen victims of micro, messo and macro policies. There will be a conceptual framework followed by a detailed discussion of what could be done to alleviate the imbalances and inequalities in the world caused by the ideologies of a few people. This will be followed by a theoretical approach to alternative models to globalization as well as the empirical examples. The proposed models will be discussed in terms of opportunities they offer towards enhancing gender equality and equity to improve the situation of the marginalized group. The paper will end with a conclusion which will look into how the discussion relates to the concept of Community Economic Development which actually aims at addressing some solutions to the community which is impacted by the policies at different levels. The ultimate goal is to improve global relationships and make the world a happy place for all, the poor men, women, children the, disabled the elderly and other marginalized groups.

1.1 Conceptualization

Globalization according to Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia, means a process by which the people of the world are unified into a single society. This process is a combination of economic, technological, social cultural and political forces. YaleGlobalOnline. www.yaleglobal.edu/about defines Globalization as a relatively new term used to describe a very old process. It is a historical process that began with our human ancestors moving out of Africa to spread all over the globe. In the millennia that have followed, distance has been largely overcome and human-made barriers lowered or removed to facilitate the exchange of goods and ideas. Propelled by the desire to improve one's life and helped along by technology, both the interconnectedness and interdependence have grown. This increasing integration of the world or 'globalization' has enriched life but also created new problems. The Lenin Institute defines Globalization as a process of interaction and integration among the people, companies, and governments of different nations, a process driven by international trade and investment and aided by information technology. This process has effects on the environment, on culture, on political systems, on economic development and prosperity, and on human physical well-being in societies around the world.

A policy is a deliberate plan of action to guide decisions and achieve rational outcome(s). It may apply to government, private sector organizations and groups, and individuals. Policy differs from rules or law. Policies merely guide actions toward those that are most likely to achieve a desired outcome. Policies are formulated at macro, micro and macro levels. Gender is a social attribute recognizing norms, practices, relationships in a society. It refers to the social relationship/ roles and responsibilities of men and women, the expectations held about the characteristics, aptitudes and likely behaviours of both women and men (femininity and masculinity) that are learned, change over time and vary within and between cultures. Gender roles involve unequal burdens of work distribution, resources, benefits and unequal decision making power- leading to gender gaps, disparities or inequalities Gender Equality refers to the valuing of the needs, hopes and aspirations of men and women whereas; Gender Equity is the end result of treating men and women fairly according to their needs and rights. Gender Mainstreaming, is addressing gender issues in all development policies and projected programmes irrespective of sector. It is the integration of the gender perspective into every stage of policy processes – design, implementation, monitoring and evaluation – with a view to promoting equality between women and men.

Gender transformative policy, targets women, men, or both and recognizes the existence of gender specific needs per group, but also seeks to transform the existing gender relations in a more equitable direction. Gender blind policy does not analyze differential impact on women and men groups. There is a male bias for example the cost sharing policy in health and education and Home Based Care both of which increase care burden to women and children. Gender Sensitive Policy analyses different situations and addresses needs of men, women and other marginalized groups and strategic needs. The Gender Specific Policy addresses Non-sector issues concerning women and men. The People Centred Policy focuses on needs activities, resources and impact on the poor. It is related to the gender sensitive policy and pushes pro poor issues. Gender Sensitive Budgeting is the one that addresses the needs of men, women and marginalized groups.

1.2 The Impact of Globalization

Globalization Policies have impacted communities at different levels. Some of these include policy and technological developments, cross border trade, foreign investment and migration, increase in volume of world trade, reductions in barriers to commerce, international industries and markets and underdevelopment in the poor countries and their citizens. The globally dictated policies impact the international level economic policies which in turn impact the national macro policies. These then bear impact on the Meso Level policies which are structural bound to translate the macro policies into the micro level which finally impact the household/family.

In an article, “Gender and macroeconomics” we are reminded that the introduction of gender issues in macroeconomics is relatively new. It has also been evident that economic reforms have actually made people poorer by increasing poverty. The reforms have not been pro poor. Since the 1980’s, the World Bank and the IMF have been considering to adjust their approaches. Also, policies have been increasingly criticized for being gender blind. Moreover, macroeconomic analysis has failed to take into account the gender related distortions on goods capital and labour markets which restrict women’s economic activities and oppressive traditions which disable women’s control over their own labour , property and equal access to markets.

Larry Elliott, writing in The Guardian argues that the real impact of this 'globalization' does; extend well beyond the negative or positive impact on economic growth. He adds that growth statistics are of no direct benefit to the working class. Neither can economic growth be the Holy Grail that it is so often assumed to be when it is achieved at the expense of environmental destruction and neglect of the needs of a large proportion of the global population. The anti-free trade lobby is right to point to the conflict between the drive towards free trade and other environmental and social needs. After all, if the purpose of free trade is to increase profits, such a conclusion is quite predictable, he says.

It should be acknowledged that it is the economic interests of certain sections of the global capitalist class that brought about the rise of free trade since the war.

The World Commission on the Social Dimension of Globalization released its Report, A Fair Globalization: Creating Opportunities for All, in February 2004, draws attention to the negative aspects of globalisation, which, it claims, has not met the 'simple and legitimate aspirations for decent jobs and a better future for their children' of the vast majority of men and women. The report expresses the growing concern about the direction that globalisation is currently taking, and maintains that its advantages are 'too distant for too many', while its risks are 'all too real'. It raises concerns about the extent of corruption, the threat of global terrorism and the future of open markets. The report states: 'Global governance is in crisis. We are at a critical juncture, and we need to urgently rethink our current policies and institutions. A global assessment of gender responsive budget Initiatives. Budlender, D adds that Macroeconomic policy does not generally affect people directly. Instead it influences other levels of government policy which themselves have direct effect. The absence of direct linkages is one of the factors that makes dealing with macroeconomic issues difficult.

1.3 Attempts by Tanzania for gender mainstreaming and reducing gender inequalities:

According to TGNP presentations (2006) the government of Tanzania has undertaken various efforts in mainstreaming gender in development policies, programmes and strategies through the following ways: Tanzania is a signatory to various international human rights instruments which bind it morally, and legally to adhere to equity policies and non discriminatory policies in the development process. The Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW), Convention on the Rights of Child (CRC); Beijing Platform of Action etc and Regional and Sub Regional instruments: SADC Declaration on Gender and Development, African Charter of Human and Peoples Rights of 1981 (ACHPR); Women’s right Protocol on Harmful Practices. Furthermore, Tanzania has ratified ILO Declaration on the Fundamental Principles and Human Rights at work. These instruments bind the government morally and legally to pursue non- discriminatory policies and development programmes and processes. In this case, there are tools developed by GoT and ILO for gender mainstreaming by government employers. The vision (2025) Focus is to attain human development and achieve a fully developed economy. The vision has been operationalised through PRSP I and II (MKUKUTA), that has addressed gender in the key outcomes areas and targets. GOT has adopted the Gender Budgeting Initiative (GBI) and including gender in budget guidelines, It is also involving CSOs in the engendering of budget GOT has adopted the Gender Budgeting Initiative and is involving CSOs in the engendering of budget.

Rusimbi, M (2002) shares what happens in respect to Gender Budgeting Initiative(GBI) which started in 1997 and was institutionalized with the government through the Ministry of Finance and Planning since 1999/2000. She admits that although there have been some achievements like gender starting to become a variable in government budget process, PRSP and PER, there have not been significant shifts in policies and resources.

There were several studies conducted to guide NSGPR in gender studies through a consultative process used with TGNP, FemAct coalition, PF. The main call was for a special support system for the poor such as women, female headed households, OVC, HIV/AIDS infected, ECD. Moreover, key gender issues are considered in all NSGPR 3 clusters. Also gender oriented indicators were used in the Monitoring and Evaluation Framework. Therefore, indicators are also engendered. The need here is to enhance Monitoring and Evaluation capacity to use gender lenses.

Gender mainstreaming in Macro and other policies requires a systematic approach policy process step by step and requires actors to have gender capacity for them to be able to influence policy direction. This entails making assessment of existing Macro National Policies to see to what extent they address gender and women issues (explicitly or implicitly) and if they have been systematically mainstreamed, who is being impacted by the policy positively and negatively also what challenges and opportunities exist in the way to improve the policy from a gender and pro-poor perspective. It requires identification of existing opportunities especially policies which could be further analyzed through regular reviews.

The opportunity here is that activists like TGNP and FemAct are already working on Gender Mainstreaming on some government Ministries like the Ministry of Finance, Planning and others and some shifts are already observed. Another opportunity is in the possible areas of incorporating gender concerns into economic reforms such as increasing gender awareness in macroeconomic policy and planning. Also there could be gender analysis in the Public Expenditure Review. Another opportunity is the gender sensitive public spending like in education for girls, health sector and legal reforms to address gender imbalances. Ultimately, this will lead to positive results and gender equality and equity since the negative impact will be controlled all the time. More opportunities offered by this are that there have been some Outcome of Monitoring and Evaluation such as allocation Special Credit funds for women in LGA, TASAF received funding from WB to implement NSGPR. This is a good opportunity for enhancing gender equality. CED needs transformative and gender sensitive policy processes which recognize the principles of equality starting with peoples’ mind sets and respecting the rights of women.

Also TGNP mentions the opportunity of the availability of gender disaggregated data in some sectors/ research in Tanzania including,. Integrated labor Survey (2001), Household Budget Survey. Collaborative efforts between Government and CSOs working towards improving the interpretation of various policies (e.g. PRSP II) and legal frameworks. Capacity/ skills building to staff from sectors/ programmes/ projects for gender mainstreaming and advocacy in the country.

2.0 The Theoretical Framework on Alternative Globalization Models:

2.1 The Care Economy and Quantifying Unpaid Labour:

Bud Cender (2002) presented an article at a Gender Capacity Building Meeting organized by TGNP, on “The care Economy and the quantifying of unpaid labour. She gives a picture of how the traditional model of macro – economy regards households only as consumers and production is seen taking place in the private and public sector. She defends the work taking place in households like bearing, rearing and caring for children and adults. She regrets the way countries calculate GDP without considering unpaid labour. She argues that alternative globalization involves taking a shift between the paid and the unpaid parts of the economy. She adds that there is need to measure these shifts to see if the welfare of citizens has really improved and know who is bearing a heavier burden of (paid and unpaid) work in the economy. She suggests the importance of having a new sector –the care/reproductive economy and input the value of what is produced in it. She sees it important that the care economy be modeled in a very similar way to other sectors as also suggested by Adrian Wood and Marzia Fontana (World development of 2000). . She cited the Fontana and Wood Model, the effects on unpaid labour and on the paid labour of women and men, of rise in the World price of food inputs, a rise in investment and the introduction of manufacturing incentives and that a shift was inevitable.

Awid. (1905) inquires the possibilities of upsetting a neo liberal model of globalization that privileges profit over humanity by linking women’s household economies to global economic structures. Emma Bonino in the same reference, called for the creation of a responsible governing body that works to universalize human and civil rights in order to protest when there is human and civil rights violations, since there was no such a body internationally as there is the World Trade Organization (WTO) protests over free trade.

Many women in Africa have been labeled as having no work when they did not have formal jobs. Globalization does not value such work which does not generate fund. Continued neglect of this contribution by women will keep impacting on prices of products which are basic for successful care. This will be detrimental to the care economy which is equally important for everybody’s survival rich or poor, black or white, young or old they all need care.

The opportunity here is that the policy makers can be motivated to start thinking of how this will impact on the care economy since it may take time to gather sufficient data. Once the care economy is quantified, then there will be more shifts in the determination of prices of products which impact the heavy work of women which will by then quantified and having a price as well. There is also an opportunity of possibly mobilizing the international civil society movement or continental women’s networks like FEMNET and the like to advocate for access to basic rights of citizens.

2.2 Models of Resisting Globalization.
Nandita Shah in Resistance to Globalization, urged us to acknowledge differences in perspectives on globalization and to examine models of resistance and solidarity that women are creating and how consciousness can be raised within these models. Some eamples are cited below.

Marilyn Waring described an alternative model for truly evaluating progress in quality-of-life. The system is based on a list of genuine progress indicators generated by the members of the community looking to gauge the progress they have made and what work remains to be done. Indeed if this model is adopted, it will unearth a lot of gaps in the quality of care done by globalization on the quality of life and it will empower the community to rise and protest and demand their fair share.

Sarah Reilly reflected on her own work creating a documentary that exposes the injustices inflicted on communities in California’s project to solve the energy crisis. She described the opportunity of the power the independent media can have in subverting the messages disseminated by mass media outlets. Its true, the media’s role is very powerful and good documentation will help to go for alternatives that will lead to equity and equality in the community.

July Evelyn Gonzalez emphasized the need to raise workers consciousness on how globalization negatively affects their lives. Truly, the issue of awareness raising is part and parcel of alternative approaches to globalization. The current model does not give room for sharing with those impacted. No wonder things are left to go on as if everyone is satisfied. People should be made to understand the causes of the poor conditions they are living in as well as the reasons for the world’s differential development. This will be an opportunity for them to decide how to respond to whatever is not going on well. Consciousness raising leads to making informed decisions and strategies to attain equality.

Mallika Dutt discussed how we can use the current airing of corporate greed and irresponsibility to point to the failures in the current model of globalization. This is actually linked to the above models. Listing of failures could eventually wipe out the ills of the current globalization. The opportunity here is that Competition and Criticism bring changes and has power to overtake old and oppressive approaches. Since these are regarded as positive models , they have a lot of potentiality to transform the existing gender inequality in various communities.

2.3 Stimulate demand needs in the rural economy

Economist Amit Bhaduri argues for an alternative development model by passing the corporate- led globalization. He suggests that demand needs to be stimulated in the rural economy. …this is something that was achieved in China after Mao’s break from the Soviet Union and its model of centralized planning. To stimulate internal demand, he advocates stronger measures to generate employment in the villages using the nationalized banks to disseminate funds to the villages and rely far more on the internal rather than the external market. He insists that the biggest driving force of the internal market was the purchasing power of the ordinary people derived from employment growth requiring a far more selective approach to globalization, was essential.

The opportunity here is that the social composition and the balance of class forces at every level will determine the full realization of such a scheme, but then at least this can be measured in more tangible terms than the promised light at the end of the currently seemingly unending tunnel. Creation of employment is one way of addressing equality and equity.

2.4 Citizens to participate in resources allocation plans and decisions in poor countries:

In the editorial of the “Gender Platform” Newsletter of April to June 2006 produced by TGNP, the editor is so much concerned with the issue of the Tanzanian government budgeting and alarming expenditure at the expense of increasing poverty among the majority of the citizens, decline in agriculture and pastoral output, deterioration of the health, electricity and water services, lack of appropriate infrastructure. She suggests citizens’ participation in the decisions especially those related to budget and other resources and how they are distributed. She urges the Tanzanian government to use the opportunity of the debt relief to improve the conditions of the forgotten groups such as teachers, health workers, storekeepers, rural water management officers, students, the sick, women, farmers, pastoralists and children living in difficult conditions.

Here is the opportunity for having an open dialogue on globalization especially in the issues of economic systems approach by the current Tanzanian government. Another opportunity is the debt cancellations. This is because many governments claim to aim at achieving better lives for their citizens while they do not walk that talk. This assessment is important because it is linked at macro level forces like the foreign markets, industrial revolution and trade. By having the activists to organize a platform to discuss the alternative economic system which is community oriented, it will help the government to start involving the citizens in resources allocation and ultimately more resources will be shifted to the “forgotten groups.

2.5 Institute Ideologies that Enhance Women’ Empowerment

Globalization has made women poorer than men. At the 8^th Gender Festival 11^th – 14^th September 2007, the Chairperson of TGNP’s opening speech urged the Gender Festival participants to look at the alternative world as a place where different structures, ideologies, cultures and ways of doing things enhance women’s empowerment. This is a genuine observation because it is through empowerment that the oppressed citizens could fight their way out of oppressing systems and ideologies associated with globalization. The opportunity here is that once empowered, women will push for the new ideologies aiming at ways of doing things differently which will force globalization out of the way.

It will be true democracy where women and men participate in making crucial decisions about resources, policies, strategies, budgets and expenditure regardless of gender, class, urban – rural location, ethnicity, PLHAs or disability. Whereas some people become beneficiaries of globalization, the majority of people especially women become victims of circumstance and become poorer and poorer.

2.6 . People-Centered Development : Produce more of the things that people need.

Korten C.D (2007) argues that as economic output and consumption grow, the number of people forced into lives of dehumanizing deprivation increases and the quality of life of all but the wealthiest among us declines. The more the economy grows the greater the demand, the more rapid the depletion of the living systems that are the source of all real wealth, and the more intense the unequal competition between rich and poor for what remains - a competition the poor invariably lose. In deep denial and captive to the imperatives of global corporations and financial markets that value money more than life, those who hold positions of institutional power remain resolutely committed to policies that enrich themselves, but impoverish people, community, and planet. To create a world that works for all, public policy must give priority not to aggregate growth, but to using the resources of planet and society equitably and sustain ably to provide healthy, fulfilling lives for all people and other living beings. It means reorganizing economic life to produce more of the things that people need , like food, shelter, clothing, education, and health care, and less of the costly things we do not, like military hardware, pollution, traffic jams, and crime.

Hope for the human future rests, therefore, not with institutions of power, but with the millions of individuals all around the world who are awakening, as if from a deep trance, to the reality of our collective crisis. Acting out of love, compassion, and a deep sense of responsibility to people and planet…... They see the human future as a matter of choice, not destiny, and seek a world that works for every person and the whole of life.

The opportunity here is the historically rooted in the struggle for economic justice for all people, the People-Centered Development Forum (PCD Forum) which is dedicated to nurturing this awakening and the alliance building that follows. It works in cooperation with civil society groups around the world to articulate and tell a story for our time that exposes the causes of our collective crisis and points to the possibility of creating a post-corporate, post-capitalist world of living democracies, mindful market economies, and authentic cultures. The national civil societies could link with this body to bring gener equality and equity in the community.

2.7 Place all commodities, technologies and natural resources on the same footing:

Jhunjhunwala (2004) proposes this as an Alternative Model of Globalization that the poor Countries should initiate an alternative model of globalization which places all commodities, technologies and natural resources included on the same footing.

Technology is generated by the owner while natural resources are nature’s gift but also need to be discovered managed and has their value known. So it is not simply a gift of nature. This justifies why poor countries have to justify their soil and crops just as the drug makers. Therefore, he suggests that the poor countries should give value to (cartels) their natural resources and start monopolistic pricing like OPEC did for oil in the seventies and that patent laws must be scrapped and all knowledge should be made free. The opportunity here are the natural resources abundantly available in the poor countries of the world which could be used to add value to what they possess. It is a matter of regulating peoples’ mindsets so that they let go of some of the conservative perceptions of technology versus natural resources which the poor countries are endowed with. Let the resources give the poor a monopoly voice in this alternative.

3.0 Empirical Cases of Alternative Globalization Models

3.1 Engage in Fair trade. An alternative economic model.

CBC News reported that The Free Trade with World Markets do allow producers to acquire their goods from developing countries by exploiting desperately poor people.

Fair Trade is reported as a growing movement dedicated to making sure that producers in developing countries are paid a fair price for the consumer goods. It's a strategy for poverty alleviation and sustainable development. Its purpose is to create opportunities for producers who have been disadvantaged or marginalized by the traditional economic model. The vast majority of the coffee comes from producers who are paid about 54 cents for a pound of beans – or about 11 cents for every dollar spent by the coffee-consuming public.

Under fair trade arrangements, less money goes to "middlemen" and more goes to the growers/producers. Globally, fair trade sales have soared during the past decade. Some benefits of fair trade products include, less money going to "middlemen" and more going to the producer, usually an independent farmer, member of a small co-operative or an artisan. It means that money is helping to improve the incomes of regular people. Moreover, on a larger scale there are mechanisms in place that divert some of the money earmarked for producers to the wider community. So some of the money goes to building schools and improving infrastructure, and not just enriching a small number of producers.

The opportunity of Fair Trade is that the producer is paid a fair price which covers not only the costs of production but enables production which is socially just and environmentally sound. It helps develop a producer's ability to remain independent. Also it is n opportunity for provision of a safe and healthy working environment for producers. Moreover, children are not to be exploited as cheap labourers. Also, women's work is properly valued and rewarded. Also, it encourages better environmental practices and responsible methods of production. I find this model an excellent alternative since the main target are the poor people who do not benefit from globalization. It is gender sensitive and benefits both the individuals and the communities at large. This is what CED aspires for.

3.2 Resist Economic Violence of Neo liberal trade agreements

Santiago (2007) reports on NAFTA: North American Free Trade Agreement is a trade bloc in N.A. created by the North American Free Trade Agreement and others. It came into effect on January 1^st 1994 and is the largest trade bloc in the world in terms of combined GDP or its members. Santiago argues that Neoliberal trade agreements such as NAFTA have disproportionately affected indigenous communities Campesinos and women in Mexico. However populations all over Mexico are resisting the economic violence of the treaties and all oppression that goes with them like privatization of resources. On 1st January 1994 the Zapatistas made their public uprising and bought the struggle of indigenous communities to the world stage. To day 13 years after the uprising, communities continue to exercise autonomy and create alternatives to the neoliberal model under the Zapatistas. Autonomy is an excellent opportunity for gender equality an equity even if it means uprising as long as at the end there is no economic violenc to affect the population.

Rusimbi, M (2002) shares what happens in respect to Gender Budgeting Initiative (GBI) which started in 1997 and was institutionalized with the government through the Ministry of Finance and Planning since 1999/2000. She admits that although there have been some achievements like gender starting to become a variable in government budget process, PRSP and PER, there have not been significant shifts in policies and resources.

3.3 Make communities enjoy the right to water as a basic need and not a luxury

Awid and Yassine (1905) wonder, “How can women thrive when our chief life source, water, is turned into a commodity to be bought and sold in the marketplace? What are alternative models for evaluating quality of life in a given society?” In a diverse panel of various perspectives were shared from various sectors, government, academia, NGOs, independent media and labor unions. Yassine Fall underscored the issue of water scarcity and how it places the ultimate restriction on women’s freedom and quality-of-life. She stated that “Water will be the oil of the 21st century.”

The Gender Platform of April to June 2006 reminds the public of one of the objectives of NSGPR which is availability of safe and clean water. This is contradicted by the macro policies imposed by the WB and IMF to commercialize water since the 1980’s. The most affected groups are the women and children who have to travel long distances to fetch water. People caring for AIDS patients need a lt of water for cleaning and have suffered lot by caring with water scarcity. The opportunity for promoting equality and equity here is the Water Petition by TGNP which is currently going on. The “Water Petition organized by the gender activists who attended the 8^th Gender Festival organized by TGNP in September, 2007 is an example of how the citizens could reinforce alternative globalization at the macro national level. Water is a basic need and not a luxury item but in Tanzania and other poor countries it has been labeled so. This is a good model since converting water into a commercial object is the same as deepening the inequality gap between men and women, the haves and have not’s. Seeing communities enjoy the right to access clean and safe water is a national emergency affecting women and children and requiring urgent attention to bring on board the gender equity and equality.

3.4 Make Globalization More Inclusive and Equitable: A Fair Globalization: Creating Opportunities for All.

Kikwete J (2003) when addressing the 58^th Session of the UN admitted that the current wave of globalization was the greatest economic process of our time associated with the regular failures of the WTO sessions. Speaking on the social role the wave of globalization presents, he clarified that it had two challenges that are central to the work of the UN including fighting poverty, and working on constructive and inclusive measures to promote the effectiveness of global institutions for global issues and conflicts. He added that these concerns have also been at the centre of the work of the World Commission on the Social Dimensions of Globalization established under the auspices of the International Labour Organization, with a mandate to promote social justice and decent work linked to economic and social policies for global prosperity. The

report of the World Commission on the Social Dimensions of Globalization argues that a fair globalisation requires improvements in governance within individual countries as well as at international level. It calls for every nation, and in particular those countries that have the greatest decision-making powers in international bodies, to respect the needs and interests of others. The Commission emphasises that the benefits of globalisation can only reach all people if the huge informal economy is brought into the economic mainstream, by establishing and respecting property rights and the rights of workers, and by increasing productivity and the access to markets. Above all, the report stresses that there needs to be an international commitment to ensure the basic material and other requirements of human dignity for all, enshrined in the United Nations (UN). The report cites other priority areas for such initiatives, including: gender equality and the empowerment of women; education; health; food security; and 'human settlements'.

Among its other key recommendations, the Commission says that global rules on trade and finance must allow more space for policy autonomy in developing countries. It calls for a wide range of measures to address the problems such as a reduction in unfair barriers to market access for goods in which developing countries have a comparative advantage, such as textiles, garments and agricultural products fair rules for the cross-border movement of people; rules on foreign direct investment; stronger action to ensure that core labour standards, as defined by the ILO, are respected; a minimum level of social protection for individuals and families; and a greater effort to mobilise international resources to attain key global goals, in particular, the Millennium Development Goals issued by the UN in September 2000, and meeting a 0.7% target for overseas development aid as well as the development of new sources of funding.

The opportunity here is that the model can make the process of the globalization more inclusive and more equitable by addressing the needs of those who feel marginalized, as well as those who have benefited from globalization but feel uncertain about the future. Kikwete’s expectations were that the Commission's report would form a basis for collective and concerted action towards the attainment of the Millennium Development Goals, and in rendering globalization a process that works for all people, in all countries; within countries and between countries.

3.5 Make the World Safer for the African Girls child.

Femnet’s Newsletter,” Our Rights January to June 2007” Making the World Safer for the African Girls child, shares the contents of the 4213 session on 31 October 2000 when the UN Security Council unanimously adopted the Resolution 1325, the first of its kind to address the issues of women and girls in armed conflict, acknowledging that women should be actively involved in the maintenance and promotion of peace and security.

What is suggested is that women and Africa should persistently continue to pressurize and demand that their governments and other international institutions develop national action plans for the implementation of the Resolution. The Resolution 1325 offers opportunity for increasing equality through increasing safety to the African girls ,the mothers of tomorrow.

4.0 Policies and Alternative Globalization

4.1 Mainstreaming Gender in National Macro Frameworks and Making it Central in all Policies.

All policies have a differential impact on women’s and men’s lives because of their traditional roles and responsibilities. A policy need therefore to be gender aware if it is to address/ reduce gender inequalities otherwise policies would actually reinforce further oppression/ discrimination. It should be further emphasized that gender is a key variable to economic analysis. This can be sustained by institutionalizing gender capacity skills of analysis to influence policies for gender and for marginalized groups. Also by institutionalizing policy activism, lobbying and ensuring active participation of all stakeholders at all levels when policies are being formulated. Also important is to make effort to influence people in the government sectors to adopt progressive perspectives.

Tanzania has an experience of engendering the National Macro policy frameworks of PRS and NSGPR. The WB and IMF admitted damage caused in the earlier policies by imposing them on developing countries and agreed to rename the SAP’s into PRSP, Gender activities and CSOs intervened to make PRSP gender sensitive.

These international Financing bodies have great opportunities of influencing the direction of gender equality in the countries they operate by allocating more resources towards gender awareness and implementation of gender empowerment tools.

4.2 End policy Blindness Tanzania Globalization Alternative: “There are too many empty promises”. TGNP ( 2005). TGNP, is a leading NGO activist on promoting an alternative world rather than succumbing to the impact of globalization. The book provides research findings on data collected in the community to assess the impact of the Home based Care policy as part of the HIV and AIDS Policy and the Government’s HIV and AIDS Strategic Framework. It reports that when the government developed this Neo policy option it did not realize what it would mean for the family of the sick person. It did not consider the extra burden that this policy approach would bring on the family of care givers. “Although the Government says HBC is ideal yet it is impossible since many families are already overburdened by poverty. TGNP regrets that this is adding to the already existing unpaid work in the homes. CED requires people to earn some money . HBC discourages this and the extra expenses caused by AIDS remain unmet. A research conducted by TGNP aimed at finding out more information about the burden that households living with HIV – infected persons and / or AIDS patients are carrying. Also it measured the burden in terms of increased time and cost of care and who was doing most of the work between women, men, the young or the old. The emerging information was to help policy makers work out solutions of reducing the burden of caring for AIDS patients. Research was done in 2 districts of Kinondoni in Dar es Salaam and Hai in Kilimanjaro.

The sample size was 40 households with 257 in total and about a quarter of these were sick already. The findings were grouped in different categories like HIV and AIDS changes a household’s situation in terms of need for extra water for washing, fuel for cleaning utensils, clothing, school attendance had dropped due to lack of fees due to growing expenses and also there was reduced family income caused by reduced farming reduced time for business and increased expenses.

Moreover there were reported changes in households tasks such as cooking caring for children cleaning since those who did these tasks were either bed ridden or dead. As for who was doing care in both districts it was women, girls the old women more that 60 years old may with no formal education.

Organizations reported to be supporting HBC were WAMATA (Kilimanjaro) and KIWAKKUKI (Hai) However, attention was more on the sick rather that the caregivers.

The recommended alternative to the AIDS care policy by TGNP to government / macro level policies were that the Government must care for PLHIV, it must help with the care of orphans the LG must do more about HIV and AIDS Care and report how it is utilizing the allocated funding, the need to revise the Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper to clarify how it will help households caring for AIDS patients and finally that NGO’s must play their part by urging the Government to support women whose unpaid work has grown tremendously. The opportunity is that if the proposed care by the governemt is made available, it will be the first ever attempt to reduce the caring load on the women and girls. Most of these policy directives are imposed by multinational macro policies to reduce government spending and increase. The Tanzania AIDS Policy(2001) is another opportunity to be activated since it promises access to care and support to PLHA’s and OVCs.

5.0 Conclusion:

This paper has attempted to give a detailed analysis of some proposed models to alternative globalization. Some are mainly theoretical while others have some empirical evidence and even research findings to show what is working and what needs improvement or transformation. All models are attempting to create an alternative world for the poor, the marginalized , the women and girls. The opportunities offered by different models for bringing about gender equality and gender equity have been shared. Also it is very important to mainstream gender in National Macro Frameworks and Policies. Tanzanians experience is worth emulsion. The UN Millennium Development Goal number 3 reads” Promote Gender Equality and Empower Women” and all efforts are needed to reach the goals

What has been happening globally in terms of macro policies has impacted national levels which in turn have impacted household/families and individual levels through micro policies making the issues of gender and economy to be more relevant.

There have been some arguments of non considerations of gender issues such as gender-related market distortions on good, capital and labour markets restricting women’ economic activities, hidden inefficiencies caused by cuts in public investments and social services and privatizing them has impacted women, invisibility of informal sector forcing women and men to intensify paid work outside household, and more and more arguments.

The in visibility of unpaid care economy needs to be made visible. We have seen that the global level is dictating economic policies, taking negative advantage of the marginalized populations. Africa was governed by colonial economy but it never benefited. Human resources and raw materials were governed by colonial economy but it never benefited, Human resources and raw materials were all drained out of Africa.

However, this is not without challenges. At the national level the following challenges have been short listed by TGNP (2006). Limited adoption of gender mainstreaming approach from the beginning of policy processes from situation/ problem analysis, prioritization/ policy choices, implementation, Monitoring and Evaluation and impact tracking. Limited and uncoordinated institutional mechanism for gender mainstreaming at national/ Sectoral levels. Information and knowledge gaps: Lack of Gender Disaggregated data in most of the Government sectors and Department such as Health and Education. Difficulty in developing tangible gender indicators because most of the gender indicators are qualitative. Lack of technical backstopping to support on gender mainstreaming efforts at various levels. Unsustainable institutional gender capacity – including conceptual clarity on gender mainstreaming (skills, systems, tools, accountability) for effective implementation and monitoring at both GoT , CSOs and Donor agency level.

If gender has to be reflected in national policies then the policies have to be people – centred ensuring women and men as key stakeholders are well informed to make informed choices and that data generated in presented in a disaggregated form. Another area to consider in Alternative Globalization is to review the impact of taxes and other forms of revenue on different citizens namely women, men, rural, urban rich and poor.

Moreover, it is very clear that since globalization has been imposed on developing countries there is also a clear relationship between global/macro economic policies and poverty and inequality in developing countries. These models should raise awareness to the fathers of globalization and hopefully they will help poor countries to put value in the natural resource just as the rich world value their technology. The advocacy for alternative models is inevitable. Globalization alternative models suggested will hopefully re invent the wheel and enhance gender equality and equality for the world’s most vulnerable groups.

Recommendations, TGNP being the leading gender activists in Tanzania do recommend some measures to be considered as we aim to reduce the gender inequalities such as , Capacity building/ strengthening of various actors involved in development policies/ programmes and strategies on gender issues, monitoring and evaluation. Development programmes/ Polices to build gender and pro-poor priorities in a mainstreamed and interlinked way e.g. all strategies with gender approaches to link to: Violence issues; Good governance, HIV/AIDS, etc.

All this is relevant for CED which aims at influencing societies by abiding by the principles and strategies outlined for successful CED. In CED the concept of people centeredness dominates whereby inclusion of all categories of community members aims at cutting across gender borders and accelerating gender equity and equity. This aims at transforming communities from patriarchal to gender equality and equity. All these need to be popularized and eventually emancipate the marginalized and enable communities to live free of globalization strings, living in a world that appreciates gender equality and equity. It is possible. Lets play our part.

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